Reference soil United States of America 21: Phaeozem

US021

Phaeozems occur all over the world, but especially on the more moist side of the steppe regions, bordering Chernozems.

Characteristics

Soils having a mollic horizon (deep, brownish or blackish surface horizon with a significant accumulation of organic matter and high base saturation); a base saturation of 50 percent or more between 25 and 100 cm from the soil surface; a calcium carbonate-free soil matrix at least to a depth of 100 cm from the soil surface, or to a contrasting layer between 25 and 100 cm; no diagnostic horizons other than an albic, argic, cambic or vertic horizon, or a petrocalcic horizon in the substratum.

Distribution of Phaeozems (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil US021: Phaeozems

Classification

WRB 1998

Luvi-Gleyic- Phaeozem (Siltic)

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Luvi-Gleyic Phaeozem

Gleyic Phaeozem

Local classification:	Haig silty clay loam

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Typic Argiaquoll aquic fine montmorillonitic mesic
USDA-SCS (1975)	Typic Argiaquoll aquic fine montmorillonitic isothermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-18	0	0.5	0.7	1	6	0.4	3.2	27.8	42.5	70.3	26.5
18-25	0	0.5	0.7	0.9	0.6	0.3	3	28.5	41.8	70.3	26.7
25-33	0	0.6	1	0.9	0.6	0.3	3.4	26.1	42.4	68.5	28.1
33-43	0	0.9	0.9	0.7	0.7	0.4	3.6	23.7	41.5	65.2	31.2
43-53	0	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.5	0.5	3.1	21.6	39.1	60.7	36.2
53-61	0	0.2	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.4	1.9	19.4	36.3	55.7	42.4
61-76	0	0	0.2	0.4	0.4	0.4	1.4	17.7	34.3	52	46.6
76-86	0	0	0.2	0.3	0.5	0.4	1.4	18.1	34.9	53	45.6
86-104	0	0.1	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.4	1.7	19.5	37.9	57.4	40.9
104-130	0	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.4	1.2	22.8	37.6	60.4	38.4
130-152	0	0	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.4	1	25.3	39.4	64.7	34.3

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-18	1.34	-	0.035	-	26.5
18-25	1.63	-	0.026	-	26.7
25-33	1.55	-	0.025	-	28.1
33-43	1.53	-	0.04	-	31.2
43-53	1.6	-	0.053	-	36.2
53-61	1.6	-	0.056	-	42.4
61-76	1.67	-	0.076	-	46.6
76-86	1.89	-	0.13	-	45.6
86-104	1.86	-	0.11	-	40.9
104-130	1.82	-	0.094	-	38.4
130-152	1.72	-	0.061	-	34.3

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-18	1.34	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	12.6
18-25	1.63	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	12.6
25-33	1.55	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	13.2
33-43	1.53	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	15
43-53	1.6	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	16.3
53-61	1.6	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	19.7
61-76	1.67	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	23.1
76-86	1.89	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	26
86-104	1.86	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	20.8
104-130	1.82	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	18.8
130-152	1.72	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	17.5

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-18	6.7	-	-	-	2.47	0.20	12	-	-	19.7	3.6	0.7	0.3	24.3
18-25	6.8	-	-	-	2.11	0.17	12	-	-	19.5	3.9	0.3	0.3	24
25-33	6.2	-	-	-	1.77	0.14	13	-	-	15.8	4.3	0.3	0.2	20.6
33-43	5.8	-	-	-	1.01	0.10	10	-	-	12.5	5.6	0.4	0.3	18.8
43-53	5.8	-	-	-	0.85	-	-	-	-	13.5	7.0	0.5	0.4	21.4
53-61	5.9	-	-	-	0.72	-	-	-	-	15.9	9.2	0.6	0.6	26.3
61-76	6.0	-	-	-	0.54	-	-	-	-	18.3	11.3	0.7	0.7	31
76-86	5.9	-	-	-	0.65	-	-	-	-	17.0	10.3	0.6	0.6	28.5
86-104	6.4	-	-	-	0.26	-	-	-	-	17.3	10.6	0.6	0.8	29.3
104-130	6.6	-	-	-	0.21	-	-	-	-	17.0	10.0	0.5	0.8	28.3
130-152	6.7	-	-	-	0.18	-	-	-	-	16.5	9.6	0.5	0.7	27.3

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-18	99	24.6	93	8.6	-	-	1
18-25	98	24.6	92	7.4	-	-	1
25-33	87	23.7	84	6.2	-	-	1
33-43	82	22.8	73	3.5	-	-	1
43-53	81	26.3	73	3.0	-	-	2
53-61	85	31	73	2.5	-	-	2
61-76	90	34.5	74	1.9	-	-	2
76-86	87	32.9	72	2.3	-	-	2
86-104	93	31.5	77	0.9	-	-	3
104-130	94	30	78	0.7	-	-	3
130-152	96	28.4	83	0.6	-	-	2

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-18	-	-	-	-	-	1	0.1	-	-	-	-
18-25	-	-	-	-	-	1	0.1	-	-	-	-
25-33	-	-	-	-	-	1.1	0.2	-	-	-	-
33-43	-	-	-	-	-	1.3	0.2	-	-	-	-
43-53	-	-	-	-	-	1.4	0.2	-	-	-	-
53-61	-	-	-	-	-	1.4	0.2	-	-	-	-
61-76	-	-	-	-	-	1.5	0.3	-	-	-	-
76-86	-	-	-	-	-	1.5	0.3	-	-	-	-
86-104	-	-	-	-	-	1.3	0.2	-	-	-	-
104-130	-	-	-	-	-	1.3	0.2	-	-	-	-
130-152	-	-	-	-	-	1.6	0.1	-	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	CaSO4.2H2O %	P Bray mg/kg	P Olsen mg/kg	pH CaCl2	clay_noncarbonate % w/w	clay_carbonate % w/w	phosphorus4 mg/kg	phosphorus1 mg/kg	total_sulfur % w/w
0-18	-	-	-	6.1	-	-	-	-	-
18-25	-	-	-	6.2	-	-	-	-	-
25-33	-	-	-	5.6	-	-	-	-	-
33-43	-	-	-	5.2	-	-	-	-	-
43-53	-	-	-	5.1	-	-	-	-	-
53-61	-	-	-	5.1	-	-	-	-	-
61-76	-	-	-	5.3	-	-	-	-	-
76-86	-	-	-	5.2	-	-	-	-	-
86-104	-	-	-	5.7	-	-	-	-	-
104-130	-	-	-	5.7	-	-	-	-	-
130-152	-	-	-	5.9	-	-	-	-	-

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
18-25	-	-	-	-	-	-	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-	-	very weak to weak	very weak
33-43	-	-	-	-	-	-	very weak to weak	medium to strong	-	-	weak to medium	very weak
61-76	-	-	-	-	-	-	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-	-	strong	-

Rare clay minerals

Depth (cm)	Amphibole	Augite	Calcite	Lepidococrite	Pyrophillite	Pyroxene	Weddelite
18-25	-	-	-	very weak	-	-	-
33-43	-	-	-	very weak	-	-	-
61-76	-	-	-	very weak	-	-	-

Profile description

Ap 0-18 cm	black (10YR 2/1, moist)silty clay loam,weak medium subangular blocky parting to moderate fine granular,friable,clear smooth boundary to,
Ah1 18-25 cm	black (10YR 2/1, moist)silty clay loam,moderate fine subangular blocky,friable,broken thin clay on pedfaces cutans,clear wavy boundary to,
Ah2 25-33 cm	very dark grey (10YR 3/1, moist)silty clay loam,moderate medium platy parting to moderate fine subangular blocky,friable,continuous thin clay on pedfaces cutans,clear smooth boundary to,
Bt 33-43 cm	very dark grey (10YR 3/1, moist)silty clay loam,moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky,friable,common fine distinct mottles (2.5Y 4/2) and common medium distinct mottles (2.5Y 3/2),broken thin clay on pedfaces cutans,clear smooth boundary to,
Btg1 43-53 cm	very dark greyish brown (2.5Y 3/2, moist)silty clay loam,moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky,friable,common fine distinct mottles (2.5Y 4/2) and few fine distinct mottles (10YR 5/6),broken thin clay on pedfaces cutans,clear smooth boundary to,
Btg2 53-61 cm	dark greyish brown (2.5Y 4/2, moist)silty clay loam,weak very fine and fine subangular blocky,friable,common fine distinct mottles (10YR 5/6),broken thin clay on pedfaces cutans,few small spherical ferruginous concretions manganiferous,clear smooth boundary to,
Btg3 61-76 cm	dark greyish brown (2.5Y 4/2, moist)silty clay loam,moderate medium prismatic parting to moderate fine subangular blocky,firm,common fine prominent mottles (10YR 5/6),broken thin clay on pedfaces cutans,frequent small spherical ferruginous concretions manganiferous,clear smooth boundary to,
Btg4 76-86 cm	greyish brown (2.5Y 5/2, moist)silty clay,moderate medium prismatic,firm,common fine prominent mottles (10YR 5/6),broken thin clay on pedfaces cutans,frequent small spherical ferruginous concretions manganiferous,clear smooth boundary to,
Btg5 86-104 cm	greyish brown (2.5Y 5/2, moist)silty clay,moderate coarse prismatic,firm,common fine prominent mottles (10YR 5/6) and common fine prominent mottles (7.5YR 4/6),broken thin clay on pedfaces cutans,frequent small spherical ferruginous concretions manganiferous,clear smooth boundary to,
Btg6 104-130 cm	greyish brown (2.5Y 5/2, moist)silty clay loam,moderate coarse prismatic,firm,common fine prominent mottles (10YR 5/6),broken thin clay on pedfaces cutans,frequent small spherical ferruginous concretions manganiferous,gradual smooth boundary to,
BCg 130-152 cm	olive grey (5Y 5/2, moist)silty clay loam,weak coarse prismatic,firm,few fine prominent mottles (10YR 5/6) and (7),patchy thin clay on pedfaces cutans,few small spherical ferruginous concretions manganiferous,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	mixed lithology and composition
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	eolian loess
Texture of parent material (second entry)	loamy
Weathering Resistance	poor
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	partially or moderately

Physiographic Unit	upland slope in level to undulating uplands
Slope	0%
Slope Aspect	east
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	poor
Moist From - To	0-152cm

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Reference soil United States of America 21: Phaeozem

Characteristics

Reference soil US021: Phaeozems

Classification